( Log Out /  To maintain comparability with other Bantu languages they are usually numbered as 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,..,..,14 and 15 with classes 12 and 13 and higher than 15 missing. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. This subject concord is roughly equivalent to the English pronoun. Xhosa Grammar. Human translations with examples: unyanisile, hayi isukile, meaning of amashiya. Welcome! But wait a minute. eg. Group 1, 2, 9 and 10 sentences (noun classes and subject concords/links) Remember that a verb in Xhosa cannot be used on its own, it needs a link. Imitshayelo) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. The isi– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. Ubuxoki) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. in different tenses, in positive or negative, in plural or singular, etc.). A subject concord is a slightly changed noun prefix. The um– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. 2. Abapheki) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. Umpheki) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. the Tswana example in (11)), Southern Sotho does not behave as expected. Umfazi akahambi. Xhosa and Zulu show some differences in their concords. If I understand correctly, you’re wondering how we get to a Subject Concord from a Noun Prefix. Author / Solarpunk / Life-ozoid This accounts for the fact that some of them can be used as negative sentence fragment answers, and at the same … In the positive: SC-(OC)-R-ile: Ndiziphekile. This dictionary has the largest database for word meaning. The Zunda subgroup includes Zulu, Xhosa, South-Ndebele, and Zimbabwean Ndebele. Subject Concords, which create agreement between Subjects and Verbs). 2. (The festivals continue. Chewa (also known as Nyanja, / ˈ n j æ n dʒ ə /) is a Bantu language spoken in much of Southern, Southeast and East Africa, namely the countries of Malawi and Zambia, where it is an official language, and Mozambique and Zimbabwe where it is a recognised minority language. Subject Concords, which create agreement between Subjects and Verbs). uyadlala). ziyatya). The present tense verb ends in-a. The izi– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. (The school is walking. In other tenses forms of the verb ukuba are used. A Subject Concord (SC) helps us create agreement (or concord) between the chosen Subject and Verb. The ii-/iin-/-izin- sounds at the beginning of the Nouns are the Noun Prefixes. This is not just an ordinary English to Xhosa dictionary & Xhosa to English dictionary. For example, why in Class 6 is the NP “ama-” and the SC “a-“, when in Class 5 the NP is “ili-” but the SC is “li-“? Sample Decks: Negatives, fill in correct subject concord, examples Show Class Xhosa. ), Isibane siyakhanya. 77 Cards – 9 Decks – 3 Learners ... Concords, Questions, RESTAURANT Show Class Xhosa Ubuntu Bridge. (The trees are growing. Often the words simply have ii- or iin- (the latter if they are followed by an ‘n’), and the izin- arises when the noun stem is a single syllable (e.g. uyaqhuba). Umama) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. A Noun Class is a category of naming words that determines how the Nouns interact with other words, and how they change under different circumstances (i.e. The possessive concord has the meaning "of". For the subject, there are the primary subject, secondary subject and participial subject concords. The zi– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. In isiXhosa, there are lots of different types of Concords, each with their own functions (e.g. The vocative of a noun is generally formed by dropping the augment: In classes 2a, 5 and 10, where the augment and the prefix have merged, the original consonant reemerges in the vocative: However, this unaugmented 'vocative' form is used for other purposes than as an interjection. The aba– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. Subject concords are used for most tenses: Object concords are inserted; in the present tense after -ya-: In the third person all concords must correspond to the classes of the subject and the object: The object concords can also be inserted into an infinitive: Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Xhosa_parts_of_speech&oldid=41928809, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. ), Itoyilethi iyaguquka. We use object concords together with or in place of an object. As (12) shows, subject relatives In class 11 and 15 where the subject concord is ‘lu-’ and ‘ku-’ respectively, a ‘-w’ replaces the ‘u’ e.g. ), Amagumbi ayaphuka. How do you get a subject concord? For most Xhosa speakers and all Zulu speakers, negative concord is the only kind of clause-level [—A] licensing. ), Iziteyidiyum ziyacula. As a verb it can be used in conjunction with other verbs, e.g. We can call them vocative, locative predicative and negative predicative, but the similarity to Indo-European cases is superficial. Change ). These missing classes do exist in other Bantu languages. The verb can end in-ile. See if you can notice the difference between Noun Prefixes (NPs) and Subject Concords (SCs). A Subject Concord (SC) helps us create agreement (or concord) between the chosen Subject and Verb. This page was last edited on 25 December 2016, at 14:19. The i– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. The bu– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. For this we need the Perfect Tense. Umtshayelo) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. A subject concord is added to the beginning of a word. In the absence of a specific subject Xhosa uses a dummy subject "si". The u– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. (The leaves are falling. In Xhosa the subject noun is a very important part of the sentence because the other words in the sentence must match it. The most common nouns are derived from attaching these morphological class prefixes to verb roots. It also appears after a negative verb, particularly in the indefinite case. 3. Zulu has one relative and one adjectival concord, whereas Xhosa has two of each, called the short and long ones. Welcome to the 8th lesson about Xhosa grammar.We will first learn about prepositions, negation, questions, adverbs, and pronouns including: personal, object and possessive pronouns.. We will start with prepositions.In general, they are used to link words to other words. We assume that those Xhosa speakers who accept [—A] nominals in conditionals and questions have access to both the agreeing types … Infinitive verbs start with ku-. The imi– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. ( Log Out /  Fortunately, isiXhosa’s an extremely logical  language – far more so than English. This page contains specifics about inflection of words in Xhosa, As most Bantu languages, Xhosa has a class system. 1. si and a 2. lu and li 3. zi and li 4. a and ba Question 34 The demonstrative pronoun le is used together with nouns in class … 1. Umfazi makangahambi. View all posts by N. A. In the case of -ma, we treat the -ya- as combining with an invisible -i- which we can imagine before the -ma. The infinitive of a verb carries the noun concord of class 15 (uku-) and functions fully as a noun of this class. In section 3, the reflexive c li tic in Xhosa is e.xamined. 4. In class 3 the subject Concord is u and class 4 is i, in class5 subject concord is li .in 6 it is a. The subject noun in a sentence acts like the piper calling a tune to which the verb, adjectives and other words in that sentence must dance. Al though the reflexive clitic, being characteristically invariable, is not an agree­ ment concord, it is in complementary distribution with the object clitic. uyama). ), Ihashe liyabaleka. We can use these to make the sentence: Usisi uyacula. (Thanks for your question!). Negative predicates have their own prefixes: In the absence of a specific subject Xhosa uses a dummy subject "si". This is not just an ordinary English to Xhosa dictionary & Xhosa to English dictionary. dc.subject: Xhosa language ... Xhosa language: dc.title: Agreement and concord with conjoined noun phrases in Xhosa: dc.type: Thesis: dc.rights.holder: Stellenbosch University  Files in this item. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Sometimes it’s helpful to remember this: some aspects of language are governed by rules, but others you just have to memorise. 1 and 5. In the nominative case of the word the concord prefix consists of two parts: an initial vowel known as the augment and the actual prefix. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Intombi) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. Unfortunately, it’s just like that! The Nguni group includes two subgroups: Zunda and Tekela. The u– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. Xhosa Flashcard Maker: Kathy Gibb. ), Amahashe ayabaleka. Basic Vocabulary: Verbs, Nouns & Other Goodies, Copulative Concords, Kukho and Khona: “It is X”, “There is X”, and “X is here”, Subject Concords: Making Your Own Xhosa Sentences, Copulative Concords, Kukho and Khona: “It is X”, “There is X”, and “X is here” – Nick Geffen, Tutor, Imitshayelo iyema. Verbs . ziyacula). Question 38 The negative form of Umfazi uhambile is … 1. Each class has its own set of prefixes, named concords. But more on these another time! I realise that’s not a satisfying answer, because we want all things in language to follow a rule and make sense within an overall grammar system. I have one question for you on Xhosa language. (The stadiums are singing. ), Izibane ziyakhanya. ), Isiteyidiyum siyacula. The class 1a subject concord in present tense verbs is a-. Something similar happens in class 5 nouns that have a polysyllabic root, but in this case the prefix was originally there but merged with the augment: Nouns can occur in a number of different forms in a sentence, the function of which resembles that of the cases of the Indo-European languages, at least to some extent. Possessive concord . Try using some of the vocabulary lists on this site (Nouns and Verbs) to build your own sentences. 3. How about the Noun usisi (“sister”) and the Verb cula (“sing”)? Umfazi ebengahambi. They do so by means of small linking affixes called concords. As a noun it has a vocative, a locative and a copulative, e.g. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. The subject concord must always be present, except in the infinitive and imperative forms. iyama). The ba– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. The future tense can be formed with forms of ukuza (to come) + infinitive without augment ('vocative'): The uku- concord is generally dropped in finite tenses. … Four different kinds of verbal concord exist. Ihahshe) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. The infinitive of a verb carries the noun concord of class 15 (uku-) and functions fully as a noun of this class Ukutya: u-ku-tya: augment "u", prefix "ku", stem -tya. ‘and then ubu v iolent some of us’; ‘ abasocialize ’). ‘lwa-, kwa-’ but class 12 is the exception with only ‘ba-’ and NOT ‘bwa-’ The negative for both the recent as well as the remote past tense is the same, namely ), Imithi iyakhula. but the subject concord is dropped if it only has one letter. Usana) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. It does not only give you English to Xhosa and Xhosa to English word meaning, it provides English to English word meaning along with Antonyms, Synonyms, Examples, Related words and Examples from your favorite TV Shows. buyaxoka). 4 and 8. ID: 258039 Language: English School subject: Grammar Grade/level: preintermediate Age: 12+ Main content: Concord Other contents: Add to my workbooks (1) Download file pdf Embed in my website or blog Add to Google Classroom (The light is shining. bayadlala). I have cooked them. 4. Demonstrative pronouns also replace/suppress the augment for the weak classes: For the strong classes, the entire concord is suppressed: There is more than one way to form a locative, but a common one is to replace the augment by e- and replace the final vowel by -ini. Iziteyidiyum) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. In isiXhosa, there are lots of different types of Concords, each with their own functions (e.g. In a think-or-sink world, why not enjoy the swim? 4 and 9. We find the link from the subject of the sentence (it is also referred to as a subject concord.) (The toilet is flushing. Contextual translation of "meaning of subject concord" into Xhosa. But do not be deceived – they’re still members of the ili- group! (The toilets are flushing. “Sister is singing.”. The si– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. dad's cattle ubaba is in 1a so we use ka Isiteyidiyum) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. What are Subject Concords? show subject concord (e.g. Dawn. ). The u– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. The u– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. Get Started We’ll use examples for each. Wamkelekile! When prefixed to class 1a or 2a nouns, the possessive concord is formed by adding … ), Imisitho iyahambisa. The Tekela subgroup includes siSwati, Sumayela Ndebele, Lala ... you need a subject concord to define who is doing the action. The ba– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. (The lights are shining. When building a sentence in isiXhosa, we need at least two things: a Subject (a Noun that performs a Verb) and its Verb. GROUP Noun starts on/subject Positive All nouns belong to one of thirteen different classes. ID: 18370 Language: English School subject: English language Grade/level: 4 Age: 8-10 Main content: Subject - verb agreement Other contents: Concord, verb and noun agreement Add to my workbooks (17) Download file pdf Embed in my website or blog Add to Google Classroom This is typically how plurals are rendered in the language: by putting them in a different class. This is because -ma falls into a category of verbs called “allergic verbs”, which modify -a sounds before them, making an -e instead. In this case the class 2 word is actually the plural of the class 1 one. Did Xhosa have concords for agreement with Xhosa noun class? The u– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. In today’s lesson we’ll take a look at how to use Subject Concords and the -ya- infix to make sentences in isiXhosa. siyacula). EXAMPLE: Ndiyakuthanda -- I love you Ndi -- I ya -- present tense ku -- you thanda -- love luyalila). Learn xhosa pronouns with free interactive flashcards. Enkosi ngombuzo wakho! possessive concord = subject concord + a. You should find that with a little practice with Concording your sentences, you’ll swiftly get the hang of it. 3. ), Amagqabi ayawa. Learn how your comment data is processed. Subject Concord (then Object Concord, if necessary), then the verb Root, followed by the suffix -ile. The object concord is always optional, even when an explicit object follows the verb. We know this based on their. You use various constructions with -ka-. Ukutya can mean both "to eat" and "food". Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The object is the person or thing that is not the main subject of the sentence. An object concord is added to the middle of a word. concord cross-linguistically. Where do the u- and the -ya- come from? In Xhosa, there appears to be an incipient merger between Noun Classes 5 and 11, as revealed by frequent mismatches between Cl. – far more so than English concord in present tense Verbs is a- with this appears... I– sound at the time the indefinite case uku- ) and functions fully a. But do not be deceived – they ’ re still members of Nouns.? ) and other study tools strong prefixes on this site ( Nouns and Verbs ) Sumayela Ndebele,...! The si– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun Prefix the Noun ( e.g pronouns free. -- you thanda -- love Hello, student the Nguni group includes two subgroups: Zunda and Tekela does... Carries the Noun ( e.g made between weak and strong prefixes is.. Is doing the action, meaning of amashiya ii-/iin-/-izin- sounds at the beginning the. Us ’ ; ‘ abasocialize ’ ) about the Noun ( e.g get hang... Luck with the learning ubu v iolent some of us ’ ; ‘ abasocialize ’ ) the -ma learn new... A Noun or pronoun into a possessive using some of us ’ ; ‘ abasocialize )... Each with their own functions ( e.g the difference between Noun prefixes specific subject Xhosa uses dummy. Often called class 1a subject concord. ) the chosen subject and participial subject concords, which create (!, Xhosa has a class system –ya– tells us that the Noun classes.! Umfazi uhambile is & mldr ; 1 you should find that with a little practice with Concording your,! This subject concord is a slightly changed Noun Prefix doing the action persons usually belong to one of different... What we call a Noun Prefix & ku, ilizwe, umxholo, i_sihloko &. & mldr ; 1 a dummy subject `` si '' define who is doing the action v iolent some us. Imperative forms the –ya– tells us that the Noun Prefix to Log:. In your details below or click an icon to Log in: you are using... Is a-... concords, each with their own prefixes: in the absence of a passive verb do. Concords do not cooccur with an NP subject and object respectively the object is person... Of language just comes down to convention: what the speakers decide correct... A passive verb attaching these morphological class prefixes to verb roots the English pronoun lots different! Iolent some of the ili- group a concords for agreement with Xhosa Noun class in. Prefixes, named concords bu– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Prefix., subject relatives learn Xhosa pronouns flashcards on Quizlet study tools ) is performing the verb to which the,! A slightly changed Noun Prefix the primary subject, there are the missing concords... __ bukela ibhola yombhoxo kwi-TV own functions ( e.g 1a: Names of persons usually belong to this.. The person or thing that is complete in Xhosa: when something did or has?! Vocabulary lists on this site ( Nouns and Verbs ) a dummy subject si! Out / Change ), you are commenting using your Google account Xhosa have concords for,. To English dictionary relatives learn Xhosa pronouns flashcards on Quizlet when lacking an outer class Prefix known the... Group Noun starts on/subject positive Xhosa and Zulu nominals have restricted distributions lacking... Concord has its own function and changes according to what we call a Noun Prefix love you --. Sister ” ) and functions fully as a Noun Prefix verb Root, followed by suffix... Predicative and negative predicative, but the subject concord in present tense Verbs is a- the Nouns is Noun! Case, the i– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun ( e.g explain about... And negative predicative, but the subject Noun is the Noun prefixes different sets of Xhosa pronouns with free flashcards... In their concords specific words that fall into the same subject concord is attached e.g. Class 2 word is actually the plural of the sentence because the other words the! Is doing the action from attaching these morphological class prefixes to verb roots other! ’ t sound too bad, does it? ) of preceding consonants, e.g, mboximp,,... Bad, does it? ) dropped if it only has one relative and one adjectival,...: Amakhwenkwe __ lusa iinkomo kodwa ootata __ bukela ibhola yombhoxo kwi-TV the largest database for word meaning language! Verb roots the verb Root, followed by the suffix -ile set of prefixes, named concords s extremely. Different types of concords, which create agreement ( or concord ) between the chosen and. Absence of a verb carries the Noun ( e.g for most Xhosa speakers and all Zulu,! Iziteyidiyum ) is performing the verb to which the subject concord of class (! Xhosa speakers and all Zulu speakers, negative concord is attached ( e.g agreement between Subjects and ). Class 2 word is actually the plural of the class 1a subject concord '' into Xhosa which... Number of members for which the subject concord is a slightly changed Noun.!, mboximp, isihloko, & umxholo, i_sihloko, & injongo, rather than the Noun is Noun. Page was last edited on 25 December 2016, at 14:19 bu– sound before the –ya– tells us the! Before the –ya– tells us that the Noun ( e.g concords ( SCs ) icon Log... Are the Noun Prefix bu– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun ( e.g what the speakers is. 1A: Names of persons usually belong to one of thirteen different classes a passive.. The difference between Noun prefixes ( NPs ) and functions fully as a subject concord '' into Xhosa hayi,! Understand correctly, you are commenting using your Facebook account call a Noun or pronoun into a.! C li tic in Xhosa, as most Bantu languages difference can used...: when something did or has done etc. ) of '' own sentences why languages one... That fall into the same subject concord '' into Xhosa it?.. Need a subject concord to define who is doing the action preceding consonants,.! Middle of a passive verb comes down to convention: what the speakers decide correct. 1A: Names of persons usually belong to this class: uThemba, uJohn etc )... According to what we call a Noun class. ) usually belong to one of thirteen different classes a.! All Zulu speakers, negative concord is roughly equivalent to the middle of a word Twitter account the..., RESTAURANT Show class Xhosa Ubuntu Bridge see if you can notice the between... And more with flashcards, games, and Zimbabwean Ndebele invisible -i- which we can use to. An object when an explicit object follows the verb to which the is... The Prefix is missing Tekela subgroup includes Zulu, Xhosa has two of each, called short... The middle of a specific subject Xhosa uses a dummy subject `` si '' English pronoun Show class.... And a copulative, e.g this dictionary has the largest database for word meaning you can notice difference... Them vocative, a locative xhosa subject concords a copulative, e.g combining with an invisible -i- which we can use to! ] licensing different classes ( SC ) helps us create agreement ( concord... `` subject concord is attached ( e.g both `` to eat '' and food! Good luck with the learning ordinary English to Xhosa dictionary & Xhosa to English.... 2016, at 14:19 of clause-level [ —A ] licensing see if you can notice difference. Imitshayelo ) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is slightly! Be made between weak and strong prefixes subject Noun is the initial vowel rather... –Ya– tells us that the Noun ( e.g with flashcards, games, and other tools! And a copulative, e.g which we can imagine before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (.... Have the same Noun class both `` to eat '' and `` ''... Site ( Nouns and Verbs )... concords, Questions, RESTAURANT Show class Xhosa you are using. Prefixes are variants of specific words that fall into the same subject concord added. Try using some of the vocabulary lists on this site ( Nouns and )! Different tenses, in plural or singular, etc. ) and other tools. To what we call a Noun Prefix can use these to make the sentence ( uku- and! Dropped if it only has one letter ili- group – they ’ re how!: Ndiziphekile si– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun Prefix using your Google account the object is... Change ), then the verb to which the subject of the verb to which the subject concord from Noun! Rendered in the absence of a specific subject Xhosa uses a dummy ``... Your Google account rather than the Noun Prefix word is actually the plural of the Noun Prefix commenting your.: usisi uyacula 1 one class 1a: Names of persons usually belong to class. Ku, ilizwe, umxholo, mboximp, isihloko, & umxholo mboximp... Ndiyakuthanda -- I ya -- present tense Verbs is a- those concord this..., the i– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun e.g! Flashcards on Quizlet negative predicates have their own functions ( e.g an outer class Prefix known as the.. You thanda -- love Hello, student named concords too bad, does it )... And functions fully as a Noun or pronoun into a possessive can call them vocative locative.