Political Corruption was the main cause of both Rebellions, in lower Canada it was due to the Colonial administration favouring English colonists and ignoring the needs of the French colonists. Debt collection laws allowed them to be jailed indefinitely until they paid their loans to merchants. The rebels fled north and the morale of the rebellion was irreparably broken. Scholars for Upper Canada such as Stanely Ryerson a Marxist support the idea that the rebellion was a bourgeoisie democratic revolution. Consequences of Rebellion in Upper Canada: The Durham Report suggested that Upper Canada and Lower Canada be united into one colony. They wanted democratic reform and an end to the rule of a privileged oligarchy. by Marianne Brandis. [49] Meanwhile, Bond Head proposed a negotiating session with rebel leaders to Marshall Spring Bidwell, who declined. In total, three men — two rebels and one loyalist — lost their lives. [31] Rolph convinced Morrison to support the rebellion but they also told Mackenzie to get confirmation of support from rural communities. [30], The next day Mackenzie convinced John Rolph that a rebellion could be successful and happen without anyone being killed. In fact, they brought Britain and the US to the verge of war. If Bond refused, they would declare independence from the British Empire. The lower Canadian rebels would have their crops and fields burned. In November 1837 the Lower Canadian Rebellion began and was led by Robert Nelson and Louis-Joseph Papineau. Rolph and Morrison were reluctant about the plan so Mackenzie sought Anthony Van Egmond to help lead the armed forces. [68] Mackenzie, Duncombe, Rolph and 200 supporters fled to Navy Island in the Niagara River and declared themselves the Republic of Canada on December 13. As a rare instance of armed insurgency in British North America, the 1837 Rebellion in what is now Ontario allows insight into the thinking and aspirations of early settlers. other  In, M.S. Mackenzie also attacked other travellers and robbed them or questioned them about the revolt. Lount and the riflemen marched to find the rebels who fled and found Mackenzie trying to convince the rebels to continue their path towards Toronto. [7] Lacking the minimum capital needed to found the bank, the corporate leaders persuaded the government to subscribe for a quarter of its shares. [16] The Reform-dominated Assembly responded by refusing to pass the money bill, which halted the payment of salaries and pensions to many government workers. Struggling to avoid the charge of sedition, reformers later purposefully obscured their true aims of independence from Britain and focused on their grievances against the Family Compact. The causes of the rebellion in Upper Canada are unique and quite different from Lower Canada. [75] Dent wrote that the rebellion caused England to notice the concerns of Canadian reformers and reconsider their colonial rule of the province. Terms in this set (11) Family Compact. Prescott in November and at Windsor in early December. Favorite Answer. The meeting created the Committee of Vigilance and signed a declaration urging every community to send delegates to a congress in Toronto and discuss remedies for their concerns. Fitzgibbon was appointed commander of the government's forces. [43], A loyalist named Robert Moodie saw the large gathering at Montgomery's Tavern and rode towards Toronto to warn the officials. [59] At noon Bond Head ordered that the troops, consisting of 1200 men and two cannons, march towards the rebels. It recommended that the Canadas be united into one colony. [62] Bond Head ordered the tavern to be burned down and the rebels arrested. Mackenzie was a Scottish-born politician and newspaper publisher. Mackenzie printed the declaration in his newspaper and toured communities north of Toronto to encourage citizens to make similar declarations. During the 1830s, a third of the bank's board were Legislative or Executive Councillors, and the remainder all magistrates. Only two of the original rebels, Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews, were executed by the "[6] Members of the Family Compact utilized their official positions for monetary gain, especially through corporations such as the Bank of Upper Canada, and the two land companies (the Clergy Corporation and the Canada Company) that between them controlled two-sevenths of the land in the province. The Rebellions of 1837 92 resolutions -it was a list that consisted of all the grievances in Lower Canada -The Patriotes took it directly to London for approval William Lyon Mackenzie What Caused the rebellion in Upper Canada? "The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective,", Greenwood,F. He also entered into a working relationship with reformers in Lower Canada. Governor, ... which had been concentrated in Lower Canada to deal with the crisis. government. This was worsened in Upper Canada by bad wheat harvests in 1836 and farmers were unable to pay their debts. Bond Head then refused to pass any legislation from that government session including major public works projects. incursions in the southwest. The Upper Canada Rebellion was against the government of British colony of Upper Canada in December 1837. to withdraw on 14 January, after Canadian volunteers burned the rebel ship, Caroline. In Lower Canada it was mostly a call for independence in order to preserve the French way of life and to pursue Canadien financial interests. At this point only 200 men at Montgomery's Tavern were armed. Much of the investment capital available to Upper Canadians came from banks in Montreal, and much of the wealth of the Lower Canadian merchant elite was derived from activities in Upper Canada or even farther west. The Upper Canada Rebellion also ended quite unsuccessful. The front rank of the rebel force returned fire and then dropped to the ground, to assume a safer firing position. The Upper Canadian Rebellion was an unsuccessful uprising in Upper Canada against the Family Compact. Hamilton, Sandwich (Windsor) and along the border in the Niagara region.). This was able to take away any differences of the two cultures, English and French. The large number of migrants led American legislators to speculate that bringing Upper Canada into the American fold would be a "mere matter of marching". [35] Mackenzie also printed handbills declaring independence which were distributed to citizens north of Toronto. 0 0 1. the United States. Between 5 and 8 December 1837, approximately 1,000 men gathered at Montgomery's Tavern in Toronto. The rebels without arms were sent to the tavern with their prisoners. The revolt in Lower Canada was the more serious and violent of the two. It is estimated that there were between 400 and 500 rebels who assembled under Duncombe.[66]. [27], On October 9 1837, a messenger from the Patriotes informed Mackenzie that the rebellion in Lower Canada was going to begin. There are many different factors that contributed to the 1873 rebellions of upper and lower Canada. [25], Mackenzie gathered reformers on July 28 and 31, 1837 to discuss their grievances with the government. A second confrontation took place a few days later near Brantford. Lord Gosford (1835–38). The Rebellion's of Upper and Lower Canada. The loyalist forces included 120 Black soldiers under the command of Colonel Samuel Jarvis. A large number of the settlers were of American origin. These policies favoured r… During 1838, the rebels continued to send expeditions across the border. Rebellion: A Novel of Upper Canada. Although initially believing the government's position was untenable he was inspired by a company of men that formed to defend the government. [76] He thought the rebellion hastened the changes Reformers advocated by drawing attention to the province from the Colonial Office and the production of the Durham Report. (Hundreds of Black Canadians volunteered The impact of the Upper Canadian insurgency is equally debatable. Their objective was to engage a smaller force of armed government loyalists and militia. [36], Bond Head did not believe the reports that stated the severity of resources and discontent gathered by the rebels. The government of Upper Canada was run by wealthy landowners known as the Family Compact. [50] Rolph and Robert Baldwin met the rebel troops at Gallows Hill and stated the government's proposal of full amnesty to the rebels if they dispersed immediately. With the British minority in Lower Canada Consequences of Rebellion in Lower Canada: Causes of the rebellion in Lower Canada. After the rebellions, Both Papineau and McKenzie fled to the United States, leaving their follower rebels to face their punishments. [9], The government of Upper Canada feared a growing interest in American-inspired republicanism in the province because of the increase in immigration of American settlers to the province. On 5 December, a motley assortment of 500 to 700 rebels bearing only hunting rifles, staves and pitchforks, marched south on Yonge Street. (Late Loyalists were American-born settlers who had migrated to Upper Canada prior to the War of 1812. Alternative Title: Rebellions of 1837–38. After the rebellion, the British Government sent a man called Lord Durham to investigate the situation and he spent five month in the colony and wrote a long report. In spite this perversion of history, growing poverty and injustices did induce a movement of resistance which began to take the form of republican “patriot movements” under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie in Upper Canada and Louis-Joseph Papineau in Lower Canada- both of whom would come to a head in the Rebellions of 1837-38 (aka: the second missed chance). It also allowed less radical Top Answer. If the farmer refused to come to court in Toronto, they would automatically forfeit the case and their property subjected to a sheriff's sale. It undermined the influence of the extremists in Upper Canada. This caused a recession in Upper Canada. of politicians and officials known as the Family Compact. Any answers will help, thnx [67] The victorious Tory supporters burned homes and farms of known rebels and suspected supporters. The meeting created the Committee of Vigilance and signed a declaration urging every community to send delegates to a congress in Toronto and discuss remedies for their concerns. [46] As they were approaching Montgomery's Tavern Powell mortally shot Anthony Anderson in the neck and escaped back to Toronto to report to Bond Head. Join the two colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into one colony called the Province of Canada. Wiki User Answered . The rebellion and the raids also played into the hands of the ultra-Tory faction in Upper Canada. [62], The government forces also split into two companies when the rebels fired upon them. The rebels set up a roadblock south of the tavern on Yonge Street that Moodie tried riding through. Colonel Allan MacNab, who had just finished leading Upper Canadian militiamen during the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern, was sent to engage Duncombe's uprising. It received a temporary surge in popularity as a result. [71] Van Egmond died of an illness he acquired while imprisoned[72] while Lount and Peter Matthews were sentenced to the gallows for leading the rebellion. With the support of Americans who wished to liberate Canada from British rule, Mackenzie took control of Navy Island in the Niagara River, Mackenzie disagreed and wanted to attack the government troops. There was also popular opposition to land-granting practices. They formed several fighting units — known as “Coloured Corps” — in Chatham, Mackenzie saw the bank as a prop of the Government and demanded farmers withdraw the money they had deposited in the bank and public confidence in the bank decreased. On 8 January 1838, the Upper Canadian militia and a 50-man Coloured Corps under the command of Black community leader Josiah Henson captured the sailboat Anne. This became the organizational structure for the Rebellion and most of the rebel organizers were elected Constitutional Convention delegates. The upper Canada Rebellion also ended quite unsuccessful. [64], News of the intended rebellion had reached London and the surrounding townships by December 7. It had ferried rebel troops between Detroit and Windsor. The rebellion led directly to Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America, and to The British North America Act, 1840, which partially reformed the British provinces into a unitary system, leading to the formation of Canada as a nation in 1867. This view holds that the rebellion was caused by the inexcusable partisanship of lieutenant-governor  [39] Government officials met at the Lieutenant Governor's residence on December 2 to discuss how to stop rumours of a rebellion. The lower Canadian rebels would have their crops and fields burned. [73] A general pardon for everyone but Mackenzie was issued in 1845, and Mackenzie himself was pardoned in 1849 and allowed to return to Canada, where he resumed his political career. [61] The armed forces were split into two companies and went to fields on both sides of Yonge Street. Five hundred men gathered under the leadership of Charles Duncombe. After the first rebellion in 1837, normal civil rights were suspended by the application of martial law and Lord Durham was named Governor of all British North America. There are immediate causes and long term factors that influenced the uprising of these rebellions. Although the Upper and Lower Canadian Rebellions differed, they shared the common goal of establishing a responsible government. After the War of 1812, there was growing discontent in Upper Canada with the elite clique As a result, the rebels would either have a death penalty or be transported to Bermuda/ Australia for 7 years. Some of the causes were similar, rooted in the governing structure imposed by the 1791 constitution, while other causes developed from each colony’s particular character. In, Buckner, Phillip A. , "Rebellion in Upper Canada". William Lyon Mackenzie was a fiery and vocal critic of the Upper Canadian system in the 1820's and 30's. The impact did not happen immediately as intended though. In Upper Canada alot of them were actually annexationists wanting to become part of the US (you have to remember at this point in history most Upper Canadians were either first or second generation Americans who came there after Lord Simcoe … It was decided that Mackenzie would become the leader. Relations between the appointed Legislative Council and the elected Legislative Assembly became increasingly strained in the years after the war, over issues of immigration, taxation, banking and land speculation. Fitzgibbon's call to arm a militia was also denied and he refused an armed guard at the Government's House and City Hall. the Durham Report. This led to the introduction of what became known as responsible government. His temperament and conviction led him to the point where he not only advocated armed rebellion against the colonial government but led it. He proclaimed a republic of Upper Canada. uprising. Mackenzie, Duncombe and other rebel leaders fled with about 200 followers to His report eventually led to greater autonomy in the Canadian colonies and the union of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada in 1840. However, by discrediting extremists on both sides of the political spectrum, the rebellion did help moderates rise to power. [by whom?] [77], William Kilbourn stated that the removal of Radicals from Upper Canada politics, either through execution or their retreat to the United States, allowed the Clear Grits to be formed as a more moderate political force that had fewer disagreements with the Tories than the reformers. The rebels refused to march until daylight. In the 1860s, some of the former rebels were compensated by the Canadian government for their lost property in the rebellion aftermath. Political unrest developed in both Upper and Lower Canada soon after the War of 1812. Without it, however, the Upper Canadian revolt probably would not Sir Francis Bond Head, the new lieutenant-governor, was sent to Upper Canada to appease the reformers in the Assembly. The raids did not end until the rebels and Hunters were defeated at the Battle of the Windmill, just eleven months after the initial battle at Montgomery's Tavern. [60], Anthony Van Egmond arrived at the tavern on December 7 and encouraged the rebel leaders to disperse, as he felt the rebellion would not be a success. [17] The movement was disappointed when Bond Head made it clear he had no intention of consulting the Executive Council in the daily operations of the administration. The rebels dispersed in a panic after the first round of firing thinking the rebel's front row had been killed when they were simply dropping to the ground to allow those behind them to fire. These policies favoured recent emigrants from Britain and the Church of England and its supporters over [20] Reformers such as Mackenzie and Samuel Lount lost their seats in the Legislature and they alleged that the election was fraudulent. I need this info for a school history project, i need to know the post-rebellion outcomes. That afternoon a sentinel reported the government force's arrival from Gallows Hill. The more recent trend is to dismiss the rebellions as unnecessary. The ensuing conflicts along the border led to many more executions, deaths and deportations than the original the wealthy elite who controlled Lower Canada, mostly made up of English-speaking merchants. Bond Head was recalled in late 1837 and replaced with Sir George Arthur who arrived in Toronto in March 1838. Although many rebels, including Duncombe, had fled prior to the upcoming battle due to hearing about the failure of Mackenzie in Toronto and general disorganization, there were still some present in Scotland, Ontario and MacNab commenced his attack on Scotland on December 14, causing the remaining rebels to flee after only a few shots were fired. It was initially thought that the Toronto rebellion was successful, contributing to Charles Duncombe wanting to rise up as well. [42] The men gathered at Montgomery's Tavern but were disappointed at the lack of preparation and the failure of the Lower Canada rebels. The records in the 1837 Rebellion Losses of Upper Canada are organized in this document by District. [57] His advice was rejected, so he proposed entrenching and defending their position at the tavern. Thus, responsible government became a "pragmatic" policy of alleviating local abuses, rather than a revolutionary anti-colonial moment. [32] Mackenzie sought out support in rural communities but he also proclaimed that an armed rebellion would happen on December 7 and assigned Samuel Lount and Anthony Anderson as commanders. Upon receiving Rolph's message Lount marched a group of rebels into Toronto for December 4. In Upper …show more content… At the end of the rebellion, in search for the causes the British parliament send Lord Durham who plays a significant role in shaping Canada… Some historians sympathize with the rebels and believe they represented the voice of the majority, or at least of the colonial working classes. Bond Head then offered a negotiation with Rolph, who accepted. The 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada was a less violent, more limited than Lower Canada rebellion, although its leaders,William Lyon Mackenzie, was no less serious in their demands for reform, and an end to the rule of a oligarchy. He openly assisted the conservatives in winning the election of 1836. The disapproval of this was strongest among the so-called late Loyalists and their descendants. While public grievances had existed for years, it was the rebellion in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec), which started the previous month, that emboldened rebels in Upper Canada to revolt. The 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada was a less violent, more limited affair than the uprising earlier that year in Lower Canada. [54], On Tuesday night MacNab arrived in Toronto with sixty men from the Hamilton area. This is particularly true for the rebellion in Upper Canada. Tundra Rob. Its members won control of the elected Legislative Assembly in 1828 and again in 1834. ...Dannicah S. Blk 2.3 Rebellion of 1837 After learning about the rebellion of 1837 and constantly taking notes, I realized the rebellion was not successful in overturning the government but it did unite both Upper and Lower Canada together. Toronto,  Largely from the countryside north of Toronto, they represented a cross section of the farming community from which Mackenzie had always drawn most of his support. Protestant groups. When hearing about this change, Mackenzie quickly tried to send a messenger to Lount to tell him not to arrive until December 7 but was unable to reach Lount in time. In recounting the “myths of responsible government”, Romney emphasized that after the ascendancy of Loyalism as the dominant political ideology of Upper Canada any demand for democracy or for responsible government became a challenge to colonial sovereignty. Why Were There Rebellions In Upper Canada In 1837-38? In the 1820s, settlers of American origin were also denied political rights, including the choice to swear allegiance to the Crown. The Rebellion was, rather, the unintended consequence of a sophisticated political movement that copied the organizational forms of the British Reform movement. The British government was concerned about the rebellion, especially in light of the strong popular support for the rebels in the United States and the Lower Canada Rebellion. Many of the grievances which underlay the Rebellion involved the provisions of the Constitutional Act of 1791, which had created Upper Canada's political framework. Rebellions of 1837, also known as Rebellions of 1837–38, rebellions mounted in 1837–38 in each colony of Upper and Lower Canada against the British Crown and the political status quo. Farmers organised target practice sessions and forges in the Home District and Sim… The rebellion itself failed, but its very failure helped pave the way for moderate and careful political change in British North America. Although Lount wanted to launch an attack that night, other rebels leaders rejected that plan so that the troops could rest after their march and they could get information from Rolph about the status of rebels who lived in Toronto. 9 years ago. The rebellions of 1837–38. Mackenzie gathered reformers on July 28 and 31, 1837 to discuss their grievances with the government. Murray, and Barry Wright (2 vol 1996, 2002), This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 01:59. The Lower Canadian Rebellion of 1837 stems from … However, many reformers, including Bidwell, fled to the US. There was also popular opposition to land-granting practices. Still smarting from his mother’s recent death and his father’s and stepmother’s apparent eagerness to be rid of him, Adam must now contend with Uncle Ted’s wild dreams of easy wealth in Upper Canada. The new Tory-dominated Legislature passed laws that exacerbated tensions including continuing the Legislative session after the death of the King, prohibiting members of the Legislature from serving as Executive Councillors, making it easier to sue indebted farmers, protecting the Bank of Upper Canada from bankruptcy, and giving Legislative Councillors charters for their own banks. Mackenzie went to the United States mainland where he was arrested for violating the Neutrality Act.[69]. He persuaded his more radical followers to draft a republican constitution for Upper Canada modelled on that of the United States. On 8 December, a force of about 1,000 volunteers loyal to the government dispersed the remaining rebels at Montgomery’s Tavern. was already moving towards gradual change through its appointment of more reform-minded governors: Sir James Kempt (1828–30), Lord Aylmer (1830–35) [34] Mackenzie printed broadsheets listing grievances and a call to arms to communities surrounding Toronto. Amid these tensions, there was also economic depression in the 1830s. Causes of the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 Introduction This paper introduces an important pre-Confederation expression of dissent in Upper Canada that can be little known or understood today. [44] Mackenzie took both men prisoner but did not search them for weapons as they gave their word that they did not have any. Most banks – including the Bank of Upper Canada – suspended payments by July 1837 and successfully obtained government support while ordinary farmers and the poor did not. The Upper Canada Rebellion was, along with the Patriotes Rebellion in Lower Canada, a rebellion against the colonial government in 1837 and 1838.Collectively they are also known as the Rebellion of 1837, while the Patriotes Rebellion is also called the Lower Canada Rebellion.. Rolph and Baldwin relayed the rejection to the rebels, and Rolph told Mackenzie that they should attack as soon as possible because the city was poorly defended. [29] Reformers such as Thomas David Morrison opposed this plan and the meeting ended without consensus on what to do next. [74] Frederick Armstrong believed the rebellion was a reaction to patronage afforded to members of the Family Compact after winning the 1836 election. It also carried significant amounts of cash and munitions. However, the mainstream historical view is that the uprising had limited support and was largely an accident. Historians of past generations insisted that without the rebellions, change would have come more slowly, if at all. Reform movement. The Lower Canada Rebellion (French: La rébellion du Bas-Canada), commonly referred to as the Patriots' War (French: la Guerre des patriotes) by Quebecers, is the name given to the armed conflict between the rebels of Lower Canada (now Quebec) and the British colonial power of that province. They agreed to send sixty men to the Don Bridge to divert government troops. leaders, such as Robert Baldwin, to reshape the reform movement along Oligarchy. Chateau Clique. [51], A few hours later Rolph sent a messenger to Mackenzie that Toronto rebels were ready for their arrival to the city and Mackenzie marched his troops towards Toronto. [48], At noon on December 5, Mackenzie gathered the rebels and marched them towards Toronto. [22], Among the more than 150 lawsuits they launched that year, the Bank of Upper Canada, sued Sheldon, Dutcher & Co., a foundry and Toronto's largest employer with over 80 employees in late 1836, bankrupting the company. Some historians suggest that although they were not directly successful or large, the rebellions in 1837 should be viewed in the wider context of the late 18th and early 19th century Atlantic Revolutions including the American Revolutionary War in 1776, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the independence struggles of Spanish America (1810–1825). In retaliation Bond Head refused to sign any bills passed by the assembly, including public work projects. In November 1837, James Fitzgibbon was concerned about soldiers leaving Upper Canada going to quell the Lower Canada Rebellion and urged Bond Head to keep some troops for protection, which was refused. Parliament also sent Lord Durham to become Governor-in-Chief of the British North American colonies,[70] so that Arthur reported to Durham. His report in 1839 differentiated between the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada. [57] The rebels raided a mail coach, stole the passenger's money and looked for information about the progress of the rebellion in London, Ontario. [12] The Canadian Alliance Society was reborn as the Constitutional Reform Society in 1836, and led by the more moderate reformer, Dr William W. Baldwin. Sir Francis Bond Head and the rash behaviour of William Lyon Mackenzie. (See also: Battle of Windmill.) Why did the Upper Canada Rebellion start? and  He left Hamilton, Ontario on December 12 and arrived in Brantford on December 13. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. [74], Paul Romney explains this failure of historical imagination as the outcome of an explicit strategy adopted by reformers in the face of charges of disloyalty to Britain in the wake of the Rebellions of 1837. [33] After the Battle of Saint-Denis Fitzgibbon prepared a list of men that he could contact personally if a rebellion began in Toronto. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. This included the union of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada and the eventual introduction of responsible government. [19] He appealed to the people's desire to maintain part of the British Empire and a paternalistic attitude of the Crown providing goods for the people. Causes of the Cross and R.L. at the front had been killed. He also urged them to seize control of the government. The Upper Canadian rebels were in favor for the American Revolution and felt a similar revolution was needed in Upper Canada. [37] The mayor of Toronto refused to ring the City Hall bell if a rebellion began because he felt Fitzgibbon was causing unnecessary concern over a possible revolt. They obtained supplies from supporters in the United States, resulting in British reprisals (see Caroline affair). [55] Morrison was arrested and charged with treason while Rolph sent a letter encouraging Mackenzie to send the rebels home then fled to the United States. The British Reform movement, organized as "Political Unions," had achieved the Great Reform Bill of 1832 which broadened the electoral franchiseand helped eliminate political corruption. 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